— One of the primary concerns about data from GPS tracking apps is that the users tend to be more frequent recreators or commuters and therefore do not accurately represent the actual population. This paper shows that there is a strong correlation between the reported share of people in a neighborhood commuting by active transportation between the American Community Survey (a nationally representative survey) and Strava (a GPS tracking app).
read moreof Association Between User-Generated Commuting Data and Population-Representative Active Commuting Surveillance Data—Four Cities, 2014-2015Pacific
Division 9
Economic Impact of National Parks
— This interactive and background materials show visits, spending, and the number of jobs created in gateway communities for every National Park Service unit.
read moreof Economic Impact of National ParksParks and Park Funding in Los Angeles: An Equity-Mapping Analysis
— In Los Angeles, historic land use policies that emphasized low-density housing and did not prioritize public park spaces have led to significant inequities of park access across race, ethnicity, and income. A fund designed to improve access to public parks could exacerbate this problem unless it considers proposals for nontraditional public spaces such as schoolyards and vacant lots, because there is very little available park space in the most underserved neighborhoods.
read moreof Parks and Park Funding in Los Angeles: An Equity-Mapping AnalysisChildhood Obesity and Proximity to Urban Parks and Recreational Resources: A Longitudinal Cohort Study
— By following a large sample of children over time, this study demonstrates that children who participate in recreation programs, or who live a walkable distance from parks, are much less likely to be obese or overweight. These benefits can be achieved through formal parks and programs, but also through accessible green space or other small, informal places that encourage informal play.
read moreof Childhood Obesity and Proximity to Urban Parks and Recreational Resources: A Longitudinal Cohort StudyNeighborhood Income Matters: Disparities in Community Recreation Facilities, Amenities, and Programs
— At a sample of recreation centers in southern California, researchers find that several measures of facility condition and amenities are better in high-income neighborhoods relative to low-income neighborhoods. The likelihood that a child uses the recreation center increases 23 percent for each $10,000 increase in neighborhood income, but the authors do not find a relationship between the quality of the facility and participation rates.
read moreof Neighborhood Income Matters: Disparities in Community Recreation Facilities, Amenities, and ProgramsNeighborhood Poverty, Park Use, and Park-Based Physical Activity in a Southern California City
— A large study of 50 urban parks in Southern California measures park use by nearby residents and other users across high-, medium-, and low-poverty areas, finding that parks are used less in high-poverty areas. Those who do use parks in high-poverty areas, however, on average use the parks more per week, are more likely to see familiar people in the parks, and use the parks more when there are more staff present.
read moreof Neighborhood Poverty, Park Use, and Park-Based Physical Activity in a Southern California CityOregon Snowmobiler Participation and Priorities
— Across Oregon, snowmobilers account for approximately 353,000 user days per year and $15 million in spending associated with snowmobile trips. Respondents are most concerned about the availability of backcountry, off-trail riding opportunities and sustaining access to existing riding areas.
read moreof Oregon Snowmobiler Participation and PrioritiesOutdoor Recreation Scarcity and Abundance in Western Oregon: A Spatial Analysis
— Across western Oregon, there is substantial variation in how well the supply of hiking, mountain biking, and off-highway vehicle (OHV) trails meets demand for these trails by local users. Although some communities have many miles of trails, such as the 146 miles of mountain biking trails within 60 minutes of Portland, the supply of trails may be too low to support the number of people using them.
read moreof Outdoor Recreation Scarcity and Abundance in Western Oregon: A Spatial AnalysisOregon Off-Highway Vehicle (OHV) Participation and Priorities
— Across Oregon, off-highway vehicle (OHV) riders account for approximately 3.1 million days of riding per year and nearly $100 million in spending. Sixty percent of respondents support increasing the OHV registration fee from $10 to $15, and more than half identify the maintenance of existing trails as the most important funding priority.
read moreof Oregon Off-Highway Vehicle (OHV) Participation and PrioritiesAdapting To the New Economy: The Impacts of Mountain Bike Tourism in Oakridge, Oregon
— Mountain biking in Oakridge, Oregon contributes substantial economic activity to a small, isolated community deeply affected by the loss of timber jobs. Although the recent rapid growth in the area’s popularity has some residents concerned about cultural change, user conflicts, and environmental concerns, the author is confident these challenges can be overcome.
read moreof Adapting To the New Economy: The Impacts of Mountain Bike Tourism in Oakridge, OregonEconomic Benefits of Mountain Bike Tourism for Santa Cruz County
— This report on the potential for mountain bike tourism in Santa Cruz County, California demonstrates how trail advocates can use existing research studies to help make a case for trail development in their community. The authors argue that the presence of significant bike industry companies, a large existing social trail network, and appealing climate and terrain create a strong potential for mountain bike tourism.
read moreof Economic Benefits of Mountain Bike Tourism for Santa Cruz CountyOregon Non-Motorized Trail Participation and Priorities
— Non-motorized trail users in Oregon account for 162.3 million user days per year, and the vast majority of these days are spent walking or hiking. While these recreation days are associated with substantial expenditures, the amount spent per person per day and the total economic impact vary greatly within the state.
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Three Wests: Access to Markets Affects Performance
— There are three distinct types of counties in the West—Metro, Connected, and Isolated—defined by their access to major markets and population centers.
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Economic Development Opportunities in Wheeler County, Oregon
— Like many rural counties in the West, Wheeler County faces economic difficulties. It also has untapped resources and opportunities, which suggest the possibility of a brighter economic future.
read moreof Economic Development Opportunities in Wheeler County, OregonEvaluation of the Burke-Gilman Trail’s Effect on Property Values and Crime
— This study found that the Burke Gilman Trail in Seattle is most often seen as an asset by those who moved to the neighborhood after it was built, while those who have lived there since before the trail was built are less likely to see the trail as increasing the sales price or ease of selling their home. Crime associated with the trail is negligible and adjacent property owners’ biggest concern is privacy.
read moreof Evaluation of the Burke-Gilman Trail’s Effect on Property Values and CrimeWhatcom Mountain Bike Coalition Rider Survey
— This study found that the Galbraith Mountain mountain bike trail system is a valuable asset for local residents, many of whom moved to the area or stay in the area because of the trails, and for visitors, who visit frequently and spend money at local businesses. While the club building the trails is developing a destination-worthy trail system, they are also providing significant benefits for the local cycling community.
read moreof Whatcom Mountain Bike Coalition Rider SurveyProject Brief: The Economic Impact of Mountain Bicycle Events in Oregon
— This study found that mountain biking events in Oregon are popular, with a large proportion of overnight visitors who stay for several nights. While these events can generate a large spending infusion for local businesses, particularly in small communities, it is typically short-lived unless the event adds to visitation throughout the season.
read moreof Project Brief: The Economic Impact of Mountain Bicycle Events in OregonColumbia River Gorge Bicycle Recreation: Economic Impact Forecast for the Communities along the Historic Columbia River Highway
— This study found that road cycling and mountain biking are valuable sources of income for communities close to the Historic Columbia River Highway State Trail. According to survey results, a proposed trail improvement that would increase the uninterrupted length of the trail and improve rider safety could significantly increase economic impact by increasing the trail’s appeal for overnight users.
read moreof Columbia River Gorge Bicycle Recreation: Economic Impact Forecast for the Communities along the Historic Columbia River HighwayThe Economic Significance of Bicycle-Related Travel in Oregon: Detailed State and Travel Region Estimates, 2012
— This study found that bicycle-related tourism in Oregon attracts many visitors, both from within and outside the state, to participate in a range of activities. While the impacts of visitor spending are relatively small relative to the state’s economy, it likely has a large effect in smaller towns, especially when associated with large events.
read moreof The Economic Significance of Bicycle-Related Travel in Oregon: Detailed State and Travel Region Estimates, 2012Economic Impacts of MVSTA Trails and Land Resources in the Methow Valley
— This study found that the 200-kilometer Nordic skiing trail network in the Methow Valley of Washington state is the reason why many people visit the area and choose to purchase homes there. Non-resident trail users and residents alike are largely willing to pay some amount of money to support trail maintenance and additional trail construction.
read moreof Economic Impacts of MVSTA Trails and Land Resources in the Methow ValleyTrails on Tribal Lands in the United States
— This study found that the benefits of trails in Indian Country may be more significant than in other communities that are less culturally or spatially fragmented, less politically and economically marginalized, or less culturally tied to the landscape. Trails can provide particularly valuable benefits to residents of Indian Country, helping to improve residents’ quality of life in several dimensions: connecting tribal members to each other and to culturally significant sites and natural resources; providing safe alternative transportation routes across the reservation; providing opportunities for safe exercise; and providing opportunities for economic development and cultural education.
read moreof Trails on Tribal Lands in the United StatesA Hedonic Travel Cost Analysis for Valuation of Multiple Components of Site Quality: The Recreation Value of Forest Management
— This study found that wilderness trail users are willing to travel farther (and therefore spend more) to reach trails with campgrounds, old-growth forests, and views. Conversely, they avoid trails with long dirt road approaches and clear-cuts visible from the trail.
read moreof A Hedonic Travel Cost Analysis for Valuation of Multiple Components of Site Quality: The Recreation Value of Forest ManagementEstimating Social Welfare Using Count Data Models: An Application to Long-Run Recreation Demand Under Conditions of Endogenous Stratification and Truncation
— This study found that surveys that directly extrapolate the number of times an individual person visits a trail to the general population will significantly overstate the future trail use. Care must be taken to account for the differences between those interviewed at the trailhead and the rest of the population.
read moreof Estimating Social Welfare Using Count Data Models: An Application to Long-Run Recreation Demand Under Conditions of Endogenous Stratification and TruncationEstimating the Benefits and Costs to Mountain Bikers of Changes in Trail Characteristics, Access Fees, and Site Closures: Choice Experiments and Benefits Transfer
— This study found that all mountain bikers, from casual to the most avid, are most likely to ride on trails without hikers or equestrians, and are willing to pay a fee to ride on these trails. While mountain bikers are more likely to use singletrack trails, only the most avid are willing to pay a fee to extend the proportion of a ride that is singletrack.
read moreof Estimating the Benefits and Costs to Mountain Bikers of Changes in Trail Characteristics, Access Fees, and Site Closures: Choice Experiments and Benefits TransferOutdoor Recreation Net Benefits of Rail-Trails
— This study found that trail users are willing to incur greater expenses and travel further to use rural trails, and spend more time on those trails while they are there, indicating these trails are enjoyed by both locals and non-locals. Urban trails, on the other hand, are mainly a resource for local residents, and are used much more frequently and for shorter periods of times.
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The Tongass Transition Framework: A New Path Forward?
— This report examines whether the Tongass Transition Framework, which proposed a “new path forward,” is working to enhance economic opportunities in southeast Alaska while conserving the National Forest.
read moreof The Tongass Transition Framework: A New Path Forward?
Owyhee Canyonlands Hold Economic Potential
— This report provides an initial analysis of the potential economic impact of protecting the Owyhee Canyonlands area in Malheur County, Oregon.
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West Is Best: Protected Lands Promote Washington Jobs and Higher Incomes
— This fact sheet summarizes Washington's recent economic growth and the role of protected public lands in supporting faster job creation and higher per-capita income.
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West Is Best: Protected Lands Promote California Jobs and Higher Incomes
— This California report is part of a series that analyzes how and why the West is outperforming the nation, and the competitive advantage offered by its protected lands.
read moreof West Is Best: Protected Lands Promote California Jobs and Higher Incomes
West Is Best: Protected Lands Promote Oregon Jobs and Higher Incomes
— The great majority of Oregon’s net new jobs are from services industries, many of them high-paying. This report looks at the state's economy and the role of protected public lands.
read moreof West Is Best: Protected Lands Promote Oregon Jobs and Higher Incomes
Oregon Home Building, Higher Temperatures Drive Price Tag Ever Higher
— This Headwaters Economics study analyzes the impact of housing and climate on the costs of fighting forest fires in National Forests of Oregon.
read moreof Oregon Home Building, Higher Temperatures Drive Price Tag Ever Higher
Olympic Peninsula Economy and Potential Impact of Draft Wild Olympics Proposal
— Report on the economy of the Olympics Peninsula and impact of the Wild Olympics proposal.
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Northern California, Homes, and Cost of Wildfires
— This Headwaters Economics study analyzes the impact of housing and climate on the costs of fighting forest fires in the twelve national forests of the Sierra Nevada.
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Improving Deschutes County’s Competitiveness
— The report analyzes the economic and fiscal challenges facing Deschutes County and provides recommendations to improve economic prospects.
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The Siskiyou Region: Demographic, Economic, and Fiscal Fundamentals
— The Siskiyou region is undergoing a significant economic transition. This report examines the region, counties within the region, and industry-level details.
read moreof The Siskiyou Region: Demographic, Economic, and Fiscal Fundamentals
Sitka, Alaska Workshop
— Headwaters Economics facilitated a day-long workshop on how to apply the Forest Service's new Integrated Resource Management approach on the Sitka Ranger District.
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Ranchland Ownership in Okanogan County, WA
— This report on land ownership and the ranching economy in the Okanogan Valley and Eastern Okanogan County focuses on fragmentation and turnover in large, agricultural properties and the effects of these trends.
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Sequoia National Forest Workshops
— Headwaters Economics held a public workshop for the Sequoia National Forest and the public.
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The Changing Economy of Southeast Alaska
— Headwaters Economics is working with the Tongass Futures Roundtable to better understand Southeast Alaska’s economy.
read moreof The Changing Economy of Southeast Alaska
The Potential Economic Impacts of the Badlands Wilderness in Central Oregon
— This report explores whether and how designation of the Badlands as Wilderness would benefit the communities and economy of Central Oregon, including Deschutes, Crook and Jefferson counties.
read moreof The Potential Economic Impacts of the Badlands Wilderness in Central Oregon
The Union Pacific Railroad Line, Timber and Southwest Montana
— This report examines the importance of southwest Montana timber to the Union Pacific Railroad line, and the significance of the railroad as a mode of transportation for timber-related manufacturers.
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Timber, Restoration Forestry and Wilderness in Northeast Washington
— This study reviews the possible impacts of the Northeast Washington Forestry Coalition's "Blueprint" proposal for managing National Forest lands in the region.
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