— A formal walking program for children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) finds that low-intensity walks in an urban park are associated with significantly greater improvement in cognitive function than similar walks in residential or downtown settings. The improvements measured are on par with improvements associated with the most typical medications prescribed for ADHD, and cognitive performance for participants after walking is comparable to the average performance of children who have not been diagnosed with ADHD.
read moreof Children with Attention Deficits Concentrate Better After Walk in the ParkMidwest
Region 2
Great Lakes Cities Vulnerability Assessment Tool
— Identify neighborhoods in six Great Lakes cities that meet socioeconomic vulnerability criteria.
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Commercial Activities on National Forests
— Updated: Headwaters Economics produced two interactive maps to show the range of commercial activities on National Forests at the Forest, state and forest region levels.
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Economic Impact of National Parks
— This interactive and background materials show visits, spending, and the number of jobs created in gateway communities for every National Park Service unit.
read moreof Economic Impact of National ParksThe Impacts of Central Ohio Trails
— This thorough study of a 111-mile regional trail network around Columbus, Ohio found that trail users travelled roughly 11.9 million miles in 2014, mostly by bicycle. Higher population density, easy access from neighborhoods, connection to other trails, and longer trails are associated with greater use.
read moreof The Impacts of Central Ohio TrailsThe Economic Impacts of Active Silent Sports Enthusiasts
— In northern Wisconsin, 95 percent of participants in non-motorized events are non-local, and these participants take more than four trips per year to the area on average, generating substantial economic impact. The two most important factors affecting non-residents’ decision to visit were the quality of trails and the quality of trail mapping and signage.
read moreof The Economic Impacts of Active Silent Sports EnthusiastsMotorized Outdoor Recreation and Tourism Development within Trailside Communities
— In southwestern Wisconsin, a 47-mile trail is a destination for non-local motorized trail users, who generate over $13 million dollars in spending each year. When the study was conducted, the railroad owner had petitioned to rebuild a portion of the rail line along the trail. This study was used to demonstrate the trail’s benefits to communities near the trail.
read moreof Motorized Outdoor Recreation and Tourism Development within Trailside CommunitiesTrails and their gateway communities: A case study of recreational use compatibility and economic impacts
— A 98-mile rail trail in northern Wisconsin and Minnesota attracts roughly 46,400 visits per year, with trail users spending $118 per trip, on average. Despite high visitation and spending, the trail’s economic impact could be increased with better connections between nearby towns, and through businesses-like bike shops that target trail users.
read moreof Trails and their gateway communities: A case study of recreational use compatibility and economic impactsA Cost-Benefit Analysis of Physical Activity Using Bike/Pedestrian Trails
— Trails in Lincoln, Nebraska have the potential to generate large benefits for trail users in terms of avoided medical costs. These benefits may significantly outweigh the per capita cost of trail construction and maintenance. However, due to simplifying assumptions made regarding both benefits and costs, the cost-benefit ratios are unreliable.
read moreof A Cost-Benefit Analysis of Physical Activity Using Bike/Pedestrian Trails
County Payment Reform Ideas, and Analysis of Recent Proposals
— Reform ideas for future county payments from Headwaters Economics as well analysis of proposals made in the House, Senate, and by the President.
read moreof County Payment Reform Ideas, and Analysis of Recent ProposalsCommunity and Economic Benefits of Bicycling in Michigan
— This study found that bicycling in Michigan generates $224 million annually through retail spending, manufacturing, and event and tourism spending. Additionally, the improved health of those who commute to work by bicycle in the state is associated with up to $256 million in avoided annual health care costs.
read moreof Community and Economic Benefits of Bicycling in MichiganPromoting Physical Activity in Rural Communities: Walking Trail Access, Use, and Effects
— This study found that walking trails in rural, southeastern Missouri communities are associated with the greatest increase in exercise for those most at risk of inactivity, particularly those who were not already regular walkers, have a high school education or less, or who earn less than $15,000 per year. Trails that were at least a half mile long, paved, or located in the smallest towns were associated with the largest increases in exercise.
read moreof Promoting Physical Activity in Rural Communities: Walking Trail Access, Use, and EffectsValuing Bicycling’s Economic and Health Impacts in Wisconsin
— This study found that 13 million days of cycling occur in Wisconsin each year, roughly half of which are taken by non-residents who contribute $309 million to the state’s economy. The health benefits associated with increased physical activity for residents could reduce annual healthcare costs in Milwaukee and Madison alone by up to $320 million, and less pollution due to fewer car trips is associated with as much as $89 million in benefits.
read moreof Valuing Bicycling’s Economic and Health Impacts in WisconsinEconomic and Health Benefits of Bicycling in Iowa
— This study found that cyclists in Iowa, including those who ride for recreation and to commute to work, contribute substantial spending associated with commuting and cycling trips within the state. The physical activity from cycling is associated with as much as $354 million lower annual health care costs due to fewer cases of heart and lung disease, and other diseases associated with less physical activity.
read moreof Economic and Health Benefits of Bicycling in IowaMaking Trails Count for Illinois
— This study found that Illinois’ regional trails receive very high use, mainly cycling and walking, particularly in metropolitan areas. Trails mostly generate benefits in terms of health impacts for local residents, one-third of whom used trails at least 21 times in the previous year and exercised for at least 150 minutes during each trail visit.
read moreof Making Trails Count for IllinoisMountain Biking in the Chequamegon Area of Northern Wisconsin and Implications for Regional Development
— This study found that the Chequamegon trail system in northern Wisconsin attracts numerous mountain bikers, who generate a sizable economic impact. According to trail users, the most important aspects of the trails are its natural, quiet setting and lack of motorized vehicles.
read moreof Mountain Biking in the Chequamegon Area of Northern Wisconsin and Implications for Regional DevelopmentThe Economic Importance of Snowmobiling in Iowa
— This study found that snowmobiling is popular among Iowa households. However, snowmobiling’s economic impact in the state is relatively low because two-thirds of residents’ trips are taken in neighboring states and less than 1 percent of trips in-state are taken by out-of-state residents.
read moreof The Economic Importance of Snowmobiling in IowaProfile of 2008 Minnesota Recreational Trail Users
— This study found that walkers and hikers, while they have fairly low per-trip spending, generate nearly two-thirds of the total economic impact from trails-related recreation in Minnesota because many people participate and they participate often. Motorized recreation – both summer and winter – has the highest individual expenditures per trip.
read moreof Profile of 2008 Minnesota Recreational Trail UsersThe Economic Impact of the South Dakota Snowmobiling Industry
— This study found that snowmobiling is a popular activity in South Dakota, and is associated with substantial spending each year. One area, the Black Hills, is a destination that draws resident and non-resident users, is highly-rated by all users, and generates substantial economic impact. The East River area, although more extensive, is not a destination, has lower user satisfaction, and generates less economic impact.
read moreof The Economic Impact of the South Dakota Snowmobiling IndustryCook County Winter Trail Use Study: Technical Report
— This study found that residents of Cook County, Minnesota, a destination for snowmobiling and cross-country skiing, see both activities as having a significant positive impact on the local economy. However, some residents are willing to have less local spending in exchange for fewer conflicts with residents and other user groups.
read moreof Cook County Winter Trail Use Study: Technical ReportSnowmobiling in Minnesota: Economic Impact and Consumer Profile
— This study found that while Minnesota snowmobilers spend a large and growing amount of money each year (nearly $200 million in 2004). However, less than half of that spending occurs at destination sites. Efforts to shift spending on expenses such as equipment and fuel could increase snowmobiling’s economic impact, particularly in rural destinations in northern parts of the state.
read moreof Snowmobiling in Minnesota: Economic Impact and Consumer ProfileEconomic Impact of Recreational Trail Use in Different Regions of Minnesota
— This study found that across all regions in Minnesota, walkers and hikers are the largest group of trail users and account for most of the local spending, with half of the users in northern and central regions coming from the Minneapolis-St. Paul area. Activities such as ATV and snowmobiling are relatively small statewide in terms of users and spending, but they are very important sources of income in smaller communities in the northwest and northeast parts of the state.
read moreof Economic Impact of Recreational Trail Use in Different Regions of MinnesotaCase Studies of Water Trail Impacts on Rural Communities
— This study found that across three communities in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and North Carolina, water trails have created a destination for non-local paddlers interested in multi-day trips. Communities are able to capture this economic opportunity only if businesses are immediately on the water or easily accessed via trail or shuttle, and if there are businesses that cater to paddlers, such as restaurants, lodging and camping, and shuttle and rental services.
read moreof Case Studies of Water Trail Impacts on Rural CommunitiesNebraska Rural Trails: Three Studies of Trail Impact
— This study found that even in very rural places, developed trails provide valuable recreation opportunities for residents in addition to attracting new visitors and spending by non-locals. The results also suggest that trails contributed to increased community pride and a modest increase in activity levels, with few problems from crime or vandalism related to the trails.
read moreof Nebraska Rural Trails: Three Studies of Trail ImpactOmaha Recreational Trails: Their Effect on Property Values and Public Safety
— This study found that, according to the residents closest to the trails, the Omaha trail system has had an overwhelmingly positive effect on neighborhoods’ quality of life. The positive effects are not constant across all trails and neighborhoods, though, and neighborhoods that saw the greatest benefit were constructed concurrently with the trails.
read moreof Omaha Recreational Trails: Their Effect on Property Values and Public SafetySummary Report Indiana Trails Study: A Study of Trails in 6 Indiana Cities
— This study found that trails in six Indiana cities are very popular with residents, especially those who live closest to the trail, and including residents in volunteer patrols and maintenance can improve the trail experience for others and solidify residents’ support for the trails. The benefits of these trails can be expanded if cities are able to increase use by commuters and visitors.
read moreof Summary Report Indiana Trails Study: A Study of Trails in 6 Indiana CitiesThe Impact of the Little Miami Scenic Trail on Single Family Residential Property Values
— This study found that the Little Miami Scenic Trail in southwest Ohio is associated with higher property values for nearby properties, across the urban, suburban, and rural sections of the trail. On average, homes sell for an additional $7 for every foot closer to the trail, up to about a mile away from the trail. For example, a house a half mile away from the trail would sell, on average, for $18,612 less than a house that is identical in all other aspects but is adjacent to the trail.
read moreof The Impact of the Little Miami Scenic Trail on Single Family Residential Property ValuesTrails on Tribal Lands in the United States
— This study found that the benefits of trails in Indian Country may be more significant than in other communities that are less culturally or spatially fragmented, less politically and economically marginalized, or less culturally tied to the landscape. Trails can provide particularly valuable benefits to residents of Indian Country, helping to improve residents’ quality of life in several dimensions: connecting tribal members to each other and to culturally significant sites and natural resources; providing safe alternative transportation routes across the reservation; providing opportunities for safe exercise; and providing opportunities for economic development and cultural education.
read moreof Trails on Tribal Lands in the United StatesMultiuse Trails: Benefits and Concerns of Residents and Property Owners
— This study found that the qualitative benefits to property owners–including access to recreation and the natural world and connection to neighbors–far outweigh the negative effects of living adjacent to a multiuse trail in this study. The negative effects, including trespassing, less privacy, and dog waste, were not widespread across users and may be mitigated with trail design.
read moreof Multiuse Trails: Benefits and Concerns of Residents and Property OwnersEconomic Impact and Demographics of Recreational Horse Trail Users in Minnesota
— This study found that the average respondent rides on Minnnesota’s state-maintained horse trail system 33 days per year. Three-quarters of all trips are taken within 30 minutes of home, suggesting that the primary benefits from horse trails in Minnesota are in the enjoyment people derive from using trails close to home rather than in attracting non-local visitors.
read moreof Economic Impact and Demographics of Recreational Horse Trail Users in MinnesotaOutdoor Recreation Net Benefits of Rail-Trails
— This study found that trail users are willing to incur greater expenses and travel further to use rural trails, and spend more time on those trails while they are there, indicating these trails are enjoyed by both locals and non-locals. Urban trails, on the other hand, are mainly a resource for local residents, and are used much more frequently and for shorter periods of times.
read moreof Outdoor Recreation Net Benefits of Rail-TrailsTwo Approaches to Valuing Some Bicycle Facilities’ Presumed Benefits
— This study found that those commuting by bicycle are willing to go out of their way to use a safer route, with the largest detour for on-street, designated bicycle lanes, followed by routes without parking and routes with an off-street bicycle lane. The effect of these bicycle facilities on property values is mixed, depending on the type of facility and whether it is in an urban or suburban neighborhood.
read moreof Two Approaches to Valuing Some Bicycle Facilities’ Presumed BenefitsProperty Values, Recreation Values, and Urban Greenways
— This study found that in Indianapolis property values are higher when homes are located near conservation areas without trails or near high-profile, destination trails, but are not any different when they are located near less-popular trails. Individual trail users place a positive value on being able to use trails, which is sufficiently high to justify the expense of trail construction and maintenance.
read moreof Property Values, Recreation Values, and Urban GreenwaysCost Effectiveness of a Bicycle/Pedestrian Trail Development in Health Promotion
— This study found that three-quarters of trail users in Lincoln, Nebraska report being more physically active since they began using trails, most of whom are active for general health. The cost per user who is more active since they began using the trails is $98, less than other programs aimed at increasing physical activity.
read moreof Cost Effectiveness of a Bicycle/Pedestrian Trail Development in Health PromotionA Community-Based Approach to Promoting Walking in Rural Areas
— This study found that in southeastern Missouri, public health interventions to increase residents’ trail use, such as newsletters and fun walks, had no statistically-observable effect on residents’ walking habits or physical activity. A third of those who use the trail report increased overall physical activity levels since they began using the trail, suggesting while that trails can increase community physical activity, a primary challenge is getting residents to begin using them.
read moreof A Community-Based Approach to Promoting Walking in Rural Areas
North Dakota Not Returning Adequate Oil Revenue to Local Governments
— This report compares how North Dakota provides local governments with production tax revenue from unconventional oil extraction compared to other major energy-producing states.
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Oklahoma on Oil: Big Tax Breaks and Low Returns to Local Governments
— This report compares how Oklahoma provides local governments with production tax revenue from unconventional fossil fuel extraction compared to other major energy-producing states.
read moreof Oklahoma on Oil: Big Tax Breaks and Low Returns to Local Governments
Texas Oil Policy: Low Taxes, No Permanent Savings to Offset Volatility
— This report compares how Texas provides local governments with production tax revenue from unconventional fossil fuel extraction compared to other major energy-producing states.
read moreof Texas Oil Policy: Low Taxes, No Permanent Savings to Offset Volatility
Green Jobs Metrics
— This research summary offers an overview of efforts to quantify the national green economy in terms of job creation from several perspectives.
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Unconventional Oil and North Dakota Communities: State Fiscal Policy Unprepared for Impacts of Energy Development
— This report analyzes the growing infrastructure and services needs of the Bakken boom and meeting the demands of unconventional energy development.
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Implementing Climate Change Adaptation: Lessons Learned From Ten Examples
— This paper presents ten examples of cities and counties around the country and the key lessons learned in the process of moving from planning to implementation on climate change adaptation.
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County Level Drilling Activity, 2001-2011
— This report focuses on county-level details of drilling rig activity for the period 2001 to 2011 in the six Rocky Mountain oil and gas states of Colorado, Montana, New Mexico, North Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming.
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EPS: Getting the Economics Right
— Headwaters Economics has updated the Economic Profile System (EPS) to help decision makers access and analyze large amounts of information about their communities.
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Drilling Rig Activity Nears 20-Year High
— A graphical analysis of oil and natural gas drilling in the United States which now has returned to pre-recession levels.
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Yellowstone River Atlas
— This site documents the economic and demographic conditions of counties bordering the Yellowstone River, and displays maps showing past, current, and forecasted residential development along the river.
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